Upon cooling, instead of direct expansion from ES1 to an equilibrium shape 2 (ES2), the gel (ES1) folds into tighter zig-zags and then unfolds to ES2 (Supplementary Movie 1). For hydrogels with higher PVA content, the swelling ratio undergoes a more remarkable decrease. , and T. For
articles published under an open access Creative Common CC BY license, any part of the article may be reused without
permission provided that the original article is clearly cited. Consequently, the hydrogel exhibits counterintuitive two opposite shape-shifting events under one single stimulation, at a speed accelerated by more than one order magnitude.
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edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. The photothermally responsive hydrogel was synthesized according to the same approach as the FFE hydrogel, except that 0. The results demonstrate that the weight of the patient and the position of additional hints calcaneum in the static stance position contribute to the high stresses in the foot. As shown in Fig.
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It allows converting the continuous shape evolution into an abrupt action that amplifies the mechanical output. Another likely reason is that, at the early stage, the tensile stress induces faster water swelling on the outer side, causing the drastic transient closing action. 0 g of AA and 0. The sample dimensions were measured after equilibration at 50 °C water. All authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript.
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Nevertheless, this impact is small (around 15%). 39,95 €Price includes VAT (Pakistan)Rent this article via DeepDyve. For the optimal composition of MBA (0. L. Received: 28 January 2009Accepted: 11 June 2009Published: 27 June 2009Issue Date: July 2010DOI: https://doi.
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2018YFC0808706) and the Project on Social Development of Shaanxi Provincial Science (No. , Q. 4d, upon localized exposure to near IR light for 20 s, the light was removed and the actuator underwent the complex FFE shape transformation during the subsequent reswelling. Stress distribution on bones of the foot while on static stance with the subtalar joint in neutral position were acquired.
https://doi. 25%) and PVA (10%), the equilibrium swelling behaviors of the hydrogels with different freeze-thawing conditions and applied strains are presented in Supplementary Fig.
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org/10. Upon cooling, the device shrinks first and expands afterward, showing a very large change in the device diameter (Fig.
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g Rapid reversion of the FFE shapes upon heating. The equilibrium swelling above the VPT is identical for all the above three samples, regardless of the freeze-thaw and applied strain. When a rectangular gel is programmed into a zig-zag shape (Fig. The Subtalar joint position during static stance is a crucial determinant of the peak plantar pressures and forms a base for any intervention in foot related problems for leprosy affected patients[1].
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SAXS analysis was performed on a Nano-inXider vertical SAXS/WAXS system (Xenocs, Sassenage, France) equipped with a semiconductor pixel detector (Pilatus 200 K, Dectris, Swiss). 26,27,28 Specifically, swelling of hydrogels is a diffusion process with the diffusion rate dictated by the water diffusivity \(D\). We run a reference experiment in which the hydrogel is cooled in a silicone oil bath instead of water. X. To model the swelling process of PNIPAM-PVA hydrogels, for samples without prestress, we set \(\Delta T=1\) on the entire outer gel surface; for prestressed samples, we set \(\Delta T=1.
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The joining of these materials has required development of new technologies in joining/fastening rather than welding. On the contrary, useful source stress yields a negative \({\sigma }_{h}\), leads to a small diffusivity \(D\) and slower water swelling. Z. If you find something abusive or that does not comply with our terms or guidelines please flag it as inappropriate. g.
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3f shows that a thinner sample (0. The dynamic stress equilibrium condition for conventional SHPB tests has been well studied in the literature. The above two experiments prove that the unique FFE shape-shifting mechanism is general for responsive hydrogels. .